PHASE REFERENCING (2)

• Model errors dominated by atmosphere

  • Ionosphere at low frequencies
    • GPS based global models can help
  • Wet troposphere at high frequencies

• Antennas observing at different elevations

  • Sec(Z) effects enter as totals, not differentials

• Geometry errors can also be significant

  • What matters is the total error times the source-calibrator separation in radians

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