Zhang Chengbin++ Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 2706, Beijing,P.R.China Dear Sir: I am a Ph.D of Chinese Academy, I write a Paper¡¶The Unified Theory of The Universe¡·eight years ago. But there are only few people who can understand it. The main results of The Unified Theory of the Universe are: 1. The Moon is connected with the earth by the wave tube; The system of the Moon-earth is connected with the Sun by the wave tube; The solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by the wave tube; The Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes; The Local Group is connected with the even large structures of the Universe by wave tubes etc.. The directions of these wave tubes are the same as the axial rotational axes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. The wave tubes of the earth locate in upper of North Pole and South Pole of the earth. 2. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of Milky Way Galaxy etc. are just the same kinds of heavenly bodies. There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc., these nuclear reactions produce waves continuously, and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. So these heavenly bodies are just wave sources. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of the Milky Way Galaxy etc. shine and are very bright like the present Sun in their early evolutionary stages; These heavenly bodies all will have hard shells just like the present earth and the Moon of the earth in their final evolutionary stages; The future of all these heavenly bodies are: explosions. 3. Geophysical scientists have already discovered that the moon of the Jupiter Io is connected with the Jupiter by A Magnetic Flux Tube,this Magnetic Flux Tube carries an electric current of five million amperes(Jean Audouze and Guy Israel; The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy, Page 189, Third Edition , Cambridge University Press, 1994. Torrence V. Johnson, The Galileo Mission to Jupiter and Its Moons, Scientific American , February 2000. John T.Clarke etc., Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Jupiter'UV Aurora during the Galileo Orbiter Mission, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.103,NO.E9, pages 20,217-20,236, August 30,1998). According to The Unified Theory of The Universe: the Moon of the Jupiter Io is connected with the Jupiter by a wave tube, so the Magnetic Flux Tube which connects the Io and the Jupiter is the wave tube of the Moon of the Jupiter Io, it is produced by the inner core nuclear reactions of the Io. 4.The nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, Milky Way Galaxy etc. are Tokamak kind nuclear reactions. There exist high - temperature plasma in these Tokamak kind nuclear reactions, These high temperature plasma are torus shape and will rotate when these nuclear reactions work (some scientists may say that the high temperature plasma in some present Tokamak nuclear reactors do not rotate, but my answers are: The high temperature plasma in Tokamak nuclear reactors must rotate if we want these Tokamak nuclear reactors work steadily and continuously). These rotations of high temperature plasmas will enable whole heavenly bodies (which including hard shells of these heavenly bodies) rotate and produce magnetic field just like the magnetic field of the earth; these nuclear reactions produce gravitational forces at same time. In this way, I have already explained the great problems: The origin of the axial rotations, magnetic field and gravitational force of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. Present theory always assumes that there exist primitive rotations of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. These kinds of explanations do not have firm experimental and theoretical basis. Present Dynamo model which describes the origin of the magnetic field of the earth, the Sun etc. assumes that there exist high - temperature liquid in inner core of the earth, the Sun etc., these high temperature liquid rotate about the rotational axes of these heavenly bodies. But my questions are: Who push these high - temperature liquid rotate? 5. There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, so I can simply explain the most important theories of the geophysics: The Floating Continent Theory of German scientist Alfred Wegener and plate tectonics theory. The temperature of nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth are very high, so there exist a high - temperature liquid layer between the nuclear reactions of the earth and outer hard shells of the earth, so the whole hard shells of the earth or continents of the earth float above the high - temperature liquid layer of the earth. In this way, I have already explained these two important theories. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the floating continent periods appear in early evolutionary stages of the earth when the continents of the earth are thin. The plate tectonics periods appear in late evolutionary stages of the earth when the continents of the earth are very thick. In the same way, I have explained the phenomena of volcanoes, the earthquakes, and the deep earthquakes etc. 6. Geologists find that the inner core of the earth rotates faster than outer shells of the earth; The seismic waves experiments reveal that there exist light element in inner core of the earth; The seismic waves travel faster along the north pole and south pole direction of the earth than along the direction which is perpendicular to the north pole and south pole direction of the earth; The Seismic Waves experiments reveal that the innermost core of the earth are solid state matters. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, there exist high - temperature plasmas in these Tokamak nuclear reactions, these high - temperature plasmas are torus shape and will rotate when nuclear reactions of the earth work. These rotation of high - temperature plasmas of the earth will enable the whole earth rotate, this rotation is the axial - rotation of the earth. Because the axial rotation of the earth are driven by inner core high - temperature plasmas rotation of the earth, so the inner core of the earth rotates faster than outer shells of the earth; These high - temperature plasmas of the earth are made up of hydrogen, so there exist light elements in inner core of the earth; Because the high-temperature plasmas of the earth are torus shape, so the innermost core of the earth are solid state matters, but these core solid state matters do not exist alone, they are connected with the continents of North pole and South pole of the earth, in other words, the continents of the earth penetrate through the center of the earth, and north pole and south pole continents of the earth are connected with each other through center of the earth, so the seismic waves travel faster along the north pole and south pole direction than along the direction which are perpendicular to the direction of north pole and south pole of the earth. 7. There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Jupiter and the Saturn, so I can explain the phenomena why the Jupiter and the Saturn radiate more energy to the outside than that they absorb from the Sun. These radiation of the Jupiter and the Saturn come from the inner core nuclear reactions of the Jupiter and the Saturn. 8. The future of all heavenly bodies are: explosions. So I can directly explain the phenomena of the Mini - Planets rings in 2.8 AU of the solar system and the Saturn's rings. The Mini - Planets rings in 2.8 AU of the solar system are remnants of an exploded planet; The Saturn's rings are the remnants of an exploded Moon of the Saturn. 9. There exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and South Pole of the planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc.. So I can explain the important phenomena of aurora of these heavenly bodies. It is well known that there exist aurora in north pole and south pole of the earth, the Jupiter, the Saturn etc., there exist cylindrical light in north pole and south pole of some Quasars which are perpendicular to the rotational plane of these Quasars. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: these aurora and cylindrical light of these heavenly bodies are lighted parts of wave tubes of these heavenly bodies. 10. There exist wave tubes in upper of north pole and south pole of the planets, the Moons of planets, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxies etc., because the effects of these wave tubes, I can explain why the temperature of north pole and south pole of the earth are lower than that of equators of the earth. In the same way, I can explain why there exist ice caps in north pole and south pole of the Mars, why there may exist ice in north pole and south pole of the Moon of the earth and the Mercury; why the temperature of north pole and south pole of the Sun are lower than that of equators of the Sun. 11. Professor Halton Arp (Max Planck Institut fur Astrophysik) finds that some heavenly bodies such as galaxies, hydrogen clouds, Quasars etc. of the universe are aligned along almost a straight line in the universe. These phenomena have not been explained for almost forty years. It is a very difficult problem. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: these heavenly bodies are connected with one another by a wave tube. 12. The astronomers find that there exist a lot of Dark Matters in the universe. At present, there have no reasonable explanations for these Dark Matters. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. will have hard shells just like the present earth and the Moon in their final evolutionary stages. We can not detect these heavenly bodies which have hard shells even by Ultra - Infrared Telescopes. These heavenly bodies are the present Dark Matters. We can detect these heavenly bodies when they explode at the end of their evolution. 13. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the age of the earth is not greater than 10,000 years old. 14. There exist high - temperature plasmas in Tokamak nuclear reactors, these high - temperature plasmas will rotate when Tokamak nuclear reactors work. The waves which produced by Tokamak nuclear reactions, will change into the wave tubes of the Tokamak nuclear reactors, these wave tubes are perpendicular to the high - temperature plasmas rotational plane of the Tokamak nuclear reactors. When two Tokamak nuclear reactors are aligned along a line(this line is perpendicular to the rotational plane of the Tokamak nuclear reactors) , they will attract each other when their rotational direction of wave tubes are the same; they will repel each other when their rotational direction of wave tubes are opposite. There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxies etc.. The interactions between a Tokamak nuclear reactor and a heavenly body such as the planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, Milky Way Galaxies etc. are the same as the interactions between two Tokamak nuclear reactors. So we can fly much faster than speed of the light in inner of these wave tubes which exist in the universe. Our future spaceships will be powered by the Tokamak nuclear kind reactors. 15. Because the Moon of the Earth, the Earth, the Sun, the stars are just the same kind of heavenly bodies, so there exist all kinds of living things in the solar system and in the Universe, some are super than us; some are lower than us, they have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true. 16. There are two very important phenomena about the spaceships of the UFOs: These spaceships of the UFOs shine and are very bright just like the Sun; they always rotate slowly. From above two phenomena, I am determined that the spaceships of UFOs are powered by the Tokamak kind nuclear reactors. Because Tokamak nuclear reactors will shine and be very bright just like the Sun, and will rotate when Tokamak nuclear reactors work in the sky. 17. In theory, because I have already unified the whole universe in waves, so I have to make some changes in Quantum Mechanics and in gravitational theory: I change the strings (closed strings) of the superstring theory of Quantum Mechanics into wave tubes and add a new idea - wave sources to the superstring theory of Quantum Mechanics, the wave tubes are determined by wave sources. So the basic particles of the universe have been described by systems of wave tubes and wave sources; In gravitational theory: The planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. have already been described by systems of the wave tubes and wave sources. So the universe are the same in large scale and in small scale, the whole universe have been unified altogether. 18. 510 years have passed since Christopher Columbus has arrived at the America from the Europe in 1492. We human beings will cross mega - empty space and go to every where of the Milky Way Galaxy in 20 years£¡ Thanks£¡ Sincercely yours January 2002 The Unified Theory of the Universe Zhang Chengbin Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 2706, Beijing 100080, P.R.China Abstract In this paper, I simply introduce my new theory - the Unified Theory of the Universe: I unify the whole universe in waves. Through some changes of the Superstring Theory of Quantum Mechanics and Gravitational Theory, I have already Unified these two theories altogether. The most important results of the Unified Theory of the Universe are: (1) The Moon is connected with the earth by wave tubes; the system of the Moon - earth is connected with the Sun by wave tubes; the solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave tubes; the Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes; the Local Group is connected with the even large structures of the Universe by wave tubes etc.. The direction of these wave tubes are the same as the axial rotational axes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc., (2) The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of the galaxies etc. are the same kinds of heavenly bodies, there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies, these nuclear reactions can produce waves continuously and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies etc.. These heavenly bodies shine and are very bright just like the Sun in their early evolutionary stages, they all will have hard shells just like the present earth and Moon of the earth in their late evolutionary stages; The future of all these heavenly bodies are: explosions. (3) We can fly much faster than speed of light in inner of these wave tubes, which exist in the universe; these future spaceships will be powered by Tokamak nuclear reactors. (4) There exist all kinds of living things in the universe, some are super than us, some are lower than us, they have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true. (5) We human beings will cross mega - empty space and go to everywhere of the Milky Way Galaxy in 20 years£¡ 1. Preface It is almost four years when I come to the main conclusions of the Unified Theory of the Universe in June 1995. From then, I read some books and magazines, and write some notes. Some time ago, I meet a friend, Dr. Yue Xiaoming, he advises me to write a book. But I think that it will need almost a year to prepare a book, so I write this essay. Three main results of the Unified Theory of the Universe are: (1) The Moon is connected with the earth by wave tubes; the system of the Moon - earth is connected with the Sun by wave tubes; the Solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave tubes; the Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes; the Local Group is connected with the even large structures of the universe by wave tubes etc.. The directions of these wave tubes are the same as the axial rotational axes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of the galaxies etc. are same kinds of heavenly bodies, there exist Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies, these nuclear reactions produce waves continuously and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Galaxies etc.. The origin and evolution of these heavenly bodies are the same; all these heavenly bodies will explode at the end of their evolution. (2) We can fly much faster than speed of the light in inner of these wave tubes, these kinds of the spaceships will be powered by Tokamak nuclear reactors; (3) There exist all kinds of living things in the universe, some are super than us, others are lower than us, they have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true, the UFO spaceships are powered by Tokamak nuclear reactors. In this essay, I select following topics, which the readers are interested in to discuss: The Gravitational Theory; the Astronomy and Astrophysics; the Geophysics; and the extra earth living things. I specialized in Engineering Thermophysics, certainly, I am very familiar with this subject, I will not discuss it because readers may not be familiar with it; I will not discuss the mathematics, because Mathematics are very abstract; I will not discuss the Unified Theory of the Universe also, because this theory includes some mathematics; for some special reasons, I will not discuss the subjects of Quantum Mechanics, the chemistry, the biochemistry, the biology etc.. Except for part 1, I describe how I come to the Unified Theory of the Universe in Part 2; I describe the two new ideals I add to the modern physics in Part 3; In Part4, I discuss the Unified Theory of the Universe and its relation to the Quantum Mechanics and Gravitational Theory, through some changes of the Superstring Theory of the Quantum Mechanics and the Gravitational Theory, I have already Unified these two theories altogether; In Part 5, I describe the new results of the Unified Theory of the Universe; In Part 6, I discuss in detail the Gravitational Theory, I point out the important limitations of Sir Isaac Newton's universal law of the gravitation and Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity in describing the origin and evolution of the solar system and the whole universe; In Part 7, I discuss the origin and evolution of the stars and the galaxies, I simply explain the phenomena of origin and evolution of axial rotation, magnetic field, gravitational force of stars and galaxies; In Part 8, I discuss the origin and evolution of the solar system, I explain simply the origin and evolution of the axial rotation, magnetic field, gravitational force of the planets, the Moons of the planets, the Sun of the solar system, I explain the floating continent theory and plate tectonics theory, and explain the phenomena of earthquakes, deep earthquakes, volcanoes, Mini - planets Rings, the Saturn's Rings etc.; In Part 9, I explain why there exist wave tubes in upper of north pole and south pole of the planets, the Moons of the planets, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies etc.; In Part 10, I discuss Professor Halton Arp's problems which describe that some heavenly bodies such as galaxies, hydrogen clouds, Quasars etc. in the universe are aligned along axes, I give a simple and direct explanation; In Part 11, I discuss the flight in the universe, my conclusions are: We can fly much faster than speed of the light in inner of the wave tubes which exist in the universe, these future spaceships will be powered by Tokamak nuclear reactors; In Part 12, I discuss the hot - big - bang cosmological model of the universe and Black Holes, my conclusions are: there do not exist Black Holes in the universe, and the hot - big - bang cosmological models are not true; In Part 13, I discuss the age of the earth, my conclusions are: the age of the earth is not great than 10,000 years old; In Part 14,15, I discuss the extraearth living things and future of human beings, I have already come to the conclusions that: there exist all kinds of living things in the solar system and in the universe, we human beings will cross mega - empty space and go to everywhere of the Milky Way Galaxy in 20 years£¡ 2. How do I come to the Unified Theory of the Universe. In history of sciences, there exist a very interesting controversy about the nature of light. In seventeenth century, Christian Huygens (1627-1695) thinks that the nature of light is waves. In his book ¡¶Treatise on light¡·, Christian Huygens explains why light travels in straight line and explains the phenomena of reflection and refraction of the light by assuming the nature of light is waves. But Sir Isaac Newton is not agree with Christian Huygens, he thinks that the light is made up of very small particles, i,e., he thinks that the nature of the light is particles. Sir Isaac Newton thinks that there exist some difficulties to explain why light travels in straight line and why a body can form shadows in light by assuming the nature of the light is waves. The particle-like properties of the light dominated in the eighteenth century. In early of nineteenth century, Thomas Young (1773-1829) and Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788-1827) discovered the phenomena of the interference and diffraction of the light by experiments, these phenomena can not be explained by assuming the nature of the light is particles, after work of a lot of scientists, the wave-like properties of the light are accepted in the nineteenth century. But in early of twentieth century, the situations have changed. There exist great difficulties to explain the heat radiation of black bodies by assuming the nature of light is waves. Max Planck has explained the phenomenon of the heat radiation of the black bodies successfully by assuming that the nature of the light is particles, or Quanta. Albert Einstein uses the Max Planck's new ideals explain the photoelectric effects successfully. The phenomena of the photoelectric effects are difficult problems for wave-like properties of the light also. At this time, the light has particle-like properties also. Now, the physicists meet great difficulties in explaining the nature of the light, because wave-like properties and particle-like properties of the light both have firm experimental results basis. Finally, physicists use a middle way to solve this problem by assuming the light have wave-particle duality. In 1925, in his dissertation, the duke of Louis de Broglie made a hypothesis that if the light have wave-particle duality, the electrons will have wave-particle duality also. This is the famous matters waves hypothesis, and this hypothesis has been confirmed by experimental results in two years. The protons, neutrons, and other basic particles of the universe have been found that they have wave-particle duality thereafter. On the basis of matters waves hypothesis, W. Heisenberg proposes the Matrix Mechanics, E. Schrodinger presents the Wave Mechanics, E. Schrodinger proves that these two theories are equivalent, this is the beginning of the Quantum Mechanics. Some scientists are not satisfied with that the protons, the neutrons, the electrons and other basic particles of the universe have wave-particle duality, they think that this is not true in real world, and they believe that there should have a more basic properties, and some scientists think that the wave-like properties are the more basic properties, the particle-like properties are collective appears of a lot of waves, i.e., they think particles of the universe are wave packets. But a lot of scientists reject the ideal of wave packets, they think that wave packets will spread out if wave packets are made up of different frequency waves, because different frequency waves travel with different speed in a media. So the wave packets which are made up of different frequency waves are not stable. But in real life, the protons, electrons, neutrons and other basic particles of the universe are stable. Now, if we do not consider the difficulties of the wave packets, and suppose that protons, electrons, neutrons and other basic particles of the universe are wave packets, then all matters of the universe which are made up of these basic particles can only be the big wave packets; then actions among these matters can only be wave actions; so the actions among solid, liquid, gas of the matters can only be wave actions; then all actions between solid and gas of the matters are wave actions, this is the conclusion I obtained in Fluid Mechanics in June 1995. In June 1995, after long time experimental works, I suddenly come to the conclusions that: all actions between solid and gas of the matters are wave actions, then I analysis a lot of experimental results and come to the conclusions that: all actions between solid and liquid of the matters, all actions between liquid and gas of the matters are wave actions; so all actions among solid, liquid, gas of the matters are wave actions; and soon I come to the conclusions: all actions of the universe are wave actions. Now, what are the universe made up of? The answer can only be: the universe is made up of the waves. So the matters of the universe are wave packets; so the protons, electrons, neutrons and other basic particles of the universe are wave packets. I add two new ideals to the modern physics, so I have already overcome the difficult problems of the wave packet hypothesis. I unify the whole universe in waves, in theory: I unify the whole universe in mathematics and unify all mathematics in Topology. 3. I add two new ideals to the modern physics (1). Waves can have stable shape and stable structure. (2). There exist wave sources in the universe, these wave sources can produce waves continuously and these waves can be changed into stable shape and stable structure waves. 4. The Unified Theory of the Universe and the Quantum Mechanics, the Gravitational Theory. 4.1. The Quantum Mechanics. I will not discuss the Quantum Mechanics in detail just as I have already described in preface, I only give a simple introduction. There exist four kinds of forces in the nature, they are: gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, weak interaction force and strong interaction force. The Gravitational force is described by Sir Isaac Newton's universal law of the gravitation and Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relatively; the other three kinds of forces are described by Quantum Mechanics. The Quantum Mechanics theory which describes the weak interaction force and electromagnetic force are the standard model of electroweak interactions; The Quantum Mechanics theory which describes the strong interaction force is standard quark model and QCD. Some scientists are not satisfied with present situation that the different forces are described by different theories, they think that there should exist a unified theory, which can describe all four kinds of forces of the nature. They work hard for these goals; their hard-working results are included in following four theories: Grand Unified Theory; Supersymmetry Theory; Supergravity Theory; and Superstring Theory. The Superstring Theory have been regarded as that can describe all four kinds of forces of the nature, i.e., the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the weak interaction force, the strong interaction force. The scientists who study the Superstring Theory think that they will soon success in unifying the whole universe, so the Superstring Theory are being called TOE, i.e., The Theory of the Everything. The Superstring Theory is very similar to the Unified Theory of the Universe. Now I simply introduce its main ideals: The Superstring Theory thinks that: The basic particles of the universe are different kinds of strings, like figure 4-1(a), the different frequency strings represent different basic particles of the universe. The actions of basic particles of the universe are: combination and separation of strings. The Superstring Theory has two kinds of strings in its early development: The open strings and the closed strings, but now only closed strings are left. Some scientists develop a heterotic string theory, but now the M-string theory (or Magic string Theory) is most popular. The most famous scientists who study the Superstring Theory are: Professor John Schwarz of California University of Technology, Professor Edward Witten of Princeton University. The most of the scientists who study the Superstring Theory are above 40 years old in the world, this enable them be very pride, because it is said that people who are above 35 years are regarded as not suitable for studying the important theory of the sciences. The explanation for this phenomena can only be that: God use a different law at this time, he wants to select the man who are forty years old or above as the main actors in this great opera of unifying the whole universe. But I think that these scientists are too confident in their ability. Now there exist great difficulties in studying the Superstring Theory, there are no results even they use every branch of the mathematics. But I think that most difficult problems in studying of Superstring Theory are how to explain the origin and the nature of the strings; what are origin and the nature of the strings? Why do strings have different frequency? Who determine the string's different frequency? Can strings have some change or evolution? etc..Now progress of the Superstring Theory are very slow; but a lot of scientists who study the Superstring Theory are eager to get the Black Holes and radiation of the Black Holes which do not exist in the nature from the Superstring Theory, so there will be no results. I unify the whole universe in waves, so I have to make some changes in the Super string Theory, I change the strings (closed strings) of Supersting Theory into the wave tubes, and add a new ideal - wave sources to the Superstring Theory, these wave sources can produce waves continuously and these waves can be changed into the wave tubes. So the wave tubes are determined by wave sources, when wave sources are exhausted, the waves will spread out and wave tubes will disappear, like figure 4-1(b). The actions among matters of the universe are combination and separation of these wave tubes, and these actions are described by Topology, a pure geometry. 4.2. Gravitational Theory In Gravitational Theory, I have already come to the following important conclusions: The Moon is connected with the earth by wave tubes; the system of the Moon-earth is connected with the Sun by wave tubes; the solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave tubes; the Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes; the Local Group is connected with the even large structure of the universe by wave tubes etc.. The directions of these wave tubes are the same as that of axial rotational axes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. Figure 4-2 describes the connection graph of the Moon, the earth, the Sun of the solar system. The wave tubes of the earth locate in upper of North Pole and South Pole of the earth. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of galaxies etc. are just the same, there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies, these nuclear reactions can produce waves continuously, and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies are just wave sources. The Sun and the stars will have hard shells late just like the present Moon and the earth, the Moon and the earth shine like the Sun in their early evolutionary stages. The futures of all these marvelous heavenly bodies are: explosions. Now I can answer the questions of Huygens and Leibniz in Sir Isaac Newton's time, what are nature and origin of the gravitation? Why is gravitation a force at a distance? My answers are: The nature and origin of the gravitation are waves; gravitation is not a force at a distance, the heavenly bodies act with each other through wave tubes. In his theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein predicts that there exist gravitational waves in the universe, but nobody has found it, now I tell you where to detect these gravitational waves, they locate in upper of the north pole and south pole of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc., they can be detected very easily. 4.3.Conclusions Through changes of the Quantum Mechanics and Gravitational Theory, the basic particles in Quantum Mechanics have been described as system of wave tubes and wave sources like figure 4-1(b); the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies etc. have been described as system of wave tubes and wave sources also. It is very obviously that the universe is the same in large scale and in small scale. The system of waves tubes and wave sources can evolve with the time, the actions of these heavenly bodies are the combination and separation of these wave tubes, and these actions are being described by Topology, certainly the Topology need changes too. Now, the Quantum Mechanics and the Gravitational Theory are the same; the universe is the same in large scale and in small scale. So the whole universe have been unified altogether. 5. The other important results of the Unified Theory of the Universe. (1). We human being can fly much faster than speed of the light in inner of these wave tubes which exist in the universe. (2). There exist all kinds of living things in the universe, some are super than us, others are lower than us, they have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true. (3). If people from other planets want to come to our earth, the only way they can come are along the wave tubes, because they have to use the energy of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc., in other words, they can only come to our earth from north pole and south pole of the earth. So, if you want to meet them, you know where to meet them now! 6. On the Gravitational Theory. 6.1 The history and present states of the Gravitational Theory. Ancient peoples especially ancient Egyptian and Babylonian think that the universe is a big box, the ground is the bottom of this great box; but ancient Greek have special opinions about the universe. Thales of Miletus (625BC-547BC) thinks that the ground is a disc floating above the surface of the water; Anaximander (610BC-545BC) thinks that the ground is a cylinder; Anaximenes thinks that the ground is flatted shape and float in the air; the Pythagorean think that the nature of the universe are numbers, the numbers exist before the universe, they think that the spheres are the most beautiful shape in all the space shapes in the universe and the circles are the most beautiful shape in planner geometry. So they think that all heavenly bodies such as the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Mercury, the Venus, the Mars, the Jupiter, the Saturn, the stars etc. are spheres and all these heavenly bodies move around the earth in circular orbits. Philolaus of the Pythagorean thinks that the earth and all other heavenly bodies move around a center fire of the universe in circular orbits. The Pythagorean also have the ideals of the axial rotation of the earth. The Plato (428BC-348BC) uses the concentric sphere theory to describe the universe; and this theory evolves into the crystalline sphere theory in hands of the Aristotle (384BC-322BC). The astronomer Aristarchus(310BC-230BC)proposes a new theory¡ªthe heliocentric system, in this heliocentric system: The earth rotates about its own axis a circle in a day from west to east; the earth move around the Sun in a circular orbit once a year; the Mercury, the Venus, the Mars, the Jupiter, the Saturn all move around the Sun in circular orbit; the stars are far away from us, and are static in the universe, their distance are much greater than the distance between the earth and the Sun. The Greek people do not accept the Aristarchus's heliocentric system for some special reasons. Apollonius(262BC-190BC)proposes a new theory which use the deferent and epicycle to explain the apparent motion of the planets in the sky, and this theory has been developed into a strict Geocentric System by the astronomer Ptolemy(100AC-170AC),in his great book ¡¶Almagest¡·, Ptolemy describes the Geocentric System carefully:(1) the earth is in the center of the universe and static;(2) the planets, the Moon, the Sun move around the earth in deferent and epicycle; (3) all the stars are in the spheres of stars and the spheres of stars move around the earth a circle in a day from east to west; (4) The Sun, the Moon, the planets will move around the earth a circle in a day just like that of spheres of stars besides above motions. The Ptolemy's system is very accurate with the observational results of his time. But the numbers of the deferent and epicycle become more and more when the observational accuracy become high and high; and ptolemy's system becomes more and more complex. It is said that the number of the deferent and epicycle increases even to eighty at a time. So more and move people become unsatisfied with the Ptolemy's system. In 1514, a church official of Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a much simple model of the universe, in his system: he thinks that it is the Sun not the earth that is the center of the universe; the Mercury, the earth, the Venus, the Mars, the Jupiter, the Saturn all move around the Sun in circular orbits; The Moon moves around the earth in circular orbit besides moving around the Sun with the earth; the earth rotates about its owner axis once a day; and the stars are far away from the earth and static. This system is the famous heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus. The European people do not accept Nicolaus Copernicus's new ideals at this time. Some people are afraid that the earth will fall apart if the earth moves. Other people reject this theory due to their religion. And some people reject this theory and they said that if the earth has the axial rotation, when we jump up, the earth will move a distance, so we should not fall down at same place that we jump up, but in real life, we fall down exactly the same place where we jump up. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) is the greatest astronomical observer at this time. He does not accept Copernicus's heliocentric system although he thinks that this new system of the universe is simpler than Ptolemy's Geocentric System. His important observational materials are left to the John Kepler. John Kepler studied these observational materials carefully and come to the three famous laws, i.e., the Kepler's three laws of the planet motions: (1) The planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbit, and the Sun is at one foci of the elliptical orbit. (2) A line connecting the planet and the Sun will sweep equal areas in equal time as the planets moves about its orbit. (3) The square of the period of the revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of its distance from the Sun. At this time, the Copernicus's heliocentric system has won the final victory. It is said that John Kepler is not satisfied with the elliptical orbits, because the elliptical orbits are not beautiful than the circular orbits. He has thought the force, which enable the planets move around the Sun also, finally, he thinks that it is magnetic forces that enable the planets move around the Sun. A lot of European scientists concern the forces, which enable the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits. Christian Huygens, Robert Hooke, Sir Christopher Wren etc. have already known that this force is inversely proportional to the square of distance between two bodies. Although there exist some controversy about First Rights of invention of the universal law of the gravitation, it is Sir Isaac Newton who solves the problem completely. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his great book ¡¶Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy and System of the World¡·, in this book, Sir Isaac Newton announced his universal law of the gravitation for the first time. The universal law of the gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton is direct and simple, it says: Every material particle in the universe attracts every other material particle with a force that is proportional to the product of the masses of the two particles, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers, the force is directed along a line joining their centers. Sir Isaac Newton proves that this force which is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two bodies will enable the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits, and directly deduce the Kepler's three famous laws of the planet motion. He also explains simply the phenomena of precession and tide of ocean; he announces that the shape of the earth will be a oblate spheroid because actions of gravitation, the experimental results prove that he is right; move over, other scientists successfully predict the come back of comet Halley by using his universal law of the gravitation. Some scientists use the perturbation theory, which base on the universal law of the gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton, successfully predict the existence and position of the Neptune by calculating the orbit of the Uranus and directly lead to the finding of the Neptune, this is the greatest victory of Sir Isaac Newton's universal law of the gravitation. Because so successful of the Sir Isaac Newton's universal law of the gravitation, it is only after 240 years late that some people can make some modifications to this theory. At early twentieth century, there happen a crisis in physics, this crisis is caused by the Michelson-Morley's famous experiments, their experiments want to prove the existence of the ether, but all their efforts fail. These experimental results lead to that Albert Einstein presents his Special Relativity in 1905, Albert Einstein explains the Michelson-Morley's experimental results successfully by his Special Relativity. Special Relativity includes following two principles: (1) The principle of Relativity: The laws of the physics are the same in all frames of reference moving at constant velocity with respect to one another; (2) The speed of light in free space has the same value for all inertial observers. Albert Einstein tries to find a new gravitational theory which can replace Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation after he finishes his Special Relativity, he successfully comes to the General Relativity in 1915 after a few unsuccessfully efforts. Albert Einstein deduces the Gravitational Field Equation¡ªor Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation through assuming gravitational force and inertial force are equivalent. Albert Einstein uses the new ideals in his General Relativity, i.e., the gravitational force are the results of the curved space-time metric. And curvature of the space-time metric is determined by matter distribution in the space-time. The right terms of the Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation are matter distribution Tensors, the left terms are space-time metric Tensors. The main ideals of Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation are: curvature of space-time metric is determined by matter distribution in space-time, a free-moving particle will move along the geodesics of the space-time. The results of The General Relativity and Sir Isaac Newton's Universal law of the Gravitation are same when matters move at low speed comparing to speed of light. The results are different when matters move at speed that near to the speed of the light, or matters move near to strong gravitational fields. Albert Einstein successfully predicts the precession of the Mercury; that the light will move along the geodesics of the space-time metric is the most important results of the General Relativity, so light will bend a little when it travels near to the Sun, and this prediction has been confirmed by experimental results in 1919, this is the greatest victory of Albert Einstein's General Relativity. We get the expanding universe when we use Albert Einstein's General Relativity to describe the Universe; we get the Black Holes when we use Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity to describe the origin and evolution of the stars, these phenomena will be discussed late. At present time, there are two Gravitational Theories; Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation; the Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity. 6.2 The important limitations of present gravitational theory in describing the solar system and the whole universe. Now, if we want to describe the solar system, we must consider following factors in the solar system: The Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system all have masses; these heavenly bodies have axial rotation, magnetic field; some heavenly bodies have revolutions; the speed and direction of axial rotation of these heavenly bodies are different; the intensity of magnetic field of these heavenly bodies are different too; the solar system is a disc shape: Although the spacecraft Ulysses can fly around the Sun in a elliptical orbit which is almost perpendicular to the rotational plane of the solar system, except for mini-planets and comets, no other heavenly bodies in the solar system can move like that of spacecraft Ulysses. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in Solar system. Finally we must consider that there exist living things in the earth. If we want to describe the whole universe we must consider following factors: all galaxies in the universe have masses; the spiral galaxies of the universe have axial rotation, magnetic field; the speed and direction of the axial rotation of spiral galaxies are different; the intensity of magnetic fields of these spiral galaxies are different too. All spiral galaxies of the universe are disc shape, brightness of different heavenly bodies of the universe are different. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the galaxies. Some galaxies of the universe eject materials along their rotational axes; there exist all kinds of hydrogen clouds in the universe; certainly, there exist a lot of stars which are similar to the solar system. The living things, which are not important factors in the solar system, should be the most important factors in the universe. That we have not come to the boundary of the universe are important factors too. Now let us examine present Gravitational Theories, and examine what factors are considered by them. 6.2.1 Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation. If we carefully examine the Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton, we will find that: In this pretty law, the most important factors considered are that: Masses of heavenly bodies and distance between heavenly bodies. If we use this law to describe the solar system, the following important factors are not considered by the Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton: axial rotation, direction of axial rotation and magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets. Because historical reasons, this law does not consider that there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system. So it is not completeness to use the Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation to describe the solar system. When Sir Isaac Newton announces his Universal Law of the Gravitation, Christian Huygens and Wilhelm Leibniz of the continent ask two questions: what are origin and the nature of the gravitation? Why is gravitation a force at a distance? Sir Isaac Newton can not answer these two questions, but the methods, which he solves these questions are very interesting. He said that the origin and the nature of the gravitation should left to our children to answer, he does not think that the gravitational force is a force at a distance, but he can not explain the reasons for this. Sir Isaac Newton certainly can not explain the origin and evolution of the solar system. For example, when asked where initial speed of the planets which enables the planets move around the Sun come from? He answers that the planets are first pushed by God. In eighteenth century, some scientists find that the Jupiter and the Saturn do not move around the Sun in calculated elliptical orbit. It seems that they want to escape from the Sun. So some scientists are afraid that the solar system may fall apart if these kinds of things often happen. Sir Isaac Newton's answers enable these scientists satisfy, he said that the God would push these heavenly bodies which want to escape from the Sun back to their orbits. The Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton can not explain why the planets move around the Sun in same direction, because that the planets move around the Sun in opposite direction can also satisfy the Universal Law of the Gravitation. If the planets move around the Sun like that of spacecraft Ulysses, they can satisfy the Universal Law of the Gravitation also, but in real world, except for mini-planets and comets, no planets can move around the Sun like that of spacecraft Ulysses. The Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton can not explain the origin and evolution of axial rotation, direction of axial rotation, magnetic field of the heavenly bodies in the solar system. Due to historical reasons, Sir Isaac Newton can not consider that there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets; this theory does not consider that there exist living things in the solar system. For the same reasons, there exist very few astronomic observational materials of the universe at the Sir Isaac Newton's time, so it is impossible for the Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton to explain different kinds of astronomical phenomena of the whole universe. In conclusions, there exist a lot of phenomena in the solar system and in the universe which can not be explained by Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation. Move over, although Universal Law of the Gravitation is very simply, it is very difficult to solve it when we consider three bodies problems or above, this is a great limitation for this theory. 6.2.2 Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity Space and time are just coordinates and references in research history of the physics, Albert Einstein changes this situation, space and time have become the goal of physical research, and this violates the tradition of the physics. In history, scientists study the matters, which exist in real world. So Albert Einstein's new ideals are rejected by a lot of scientists and philosophers. Due to this reason, Albert Einstein does not win the Nobel Prize because his Theory of Relativity. In facts, at present time, there are still some scientists who reject these ideals. I think that Albert Einstein makes the study of physics be difficult by using the concept of space-time, he can also express his ideals of Special Relativity and General Relativity if he does not use the concept of space-time. I guess that Albert Einstein thinks that there exist some special structures in the universe except the heavenly bodies, but he does not have firm experimental results to support his ideals. I can only make such a guess because I have not read the whole papers of Albert Einstein. I think that there must exist some secrets in Albert Einstein's brain which have not been announced, these kinds of things often happen in great scientists such as Gauss and Dirac, these scientists are often afraid of laughs of other people. Now, we must give up the concept of space-time, and come back to tradition of the physical research, i.e., we only study the objects which exist in real world, space and time will come back to their original position: just coordinates and references. Albert Einstein thinks that the fastest speed of the universe is the speed of the light in vacuum. According to the Special Relativity, when a body is being accelerated, the speed of this body is more near to speed of the light, the force which we accelerate this body will become larger and larger. When speed of this body is near to the speed of the light, the force, which we accelerate this body will become unlimitedly great. In facts, we can not accelerate a low speed body to the speed of the light. When asked why the light has the speed of the light, Albert Einstein says that the speed of the light is the intrinsic speed of the light, the light has such a high speed because the static mass of the photons are zero. But there exist some difficulties in this kind of explanations: If the light has the intrinsic speed of the light, why other matters of the universe can not have two times, ten times intrinsic speed of the light; the light with static mass is zero can have the speed of the light, why other matters with static masses are zero can not have two times, ten times speed of the light. Albert Einstein thinks that the speed of the light is a special speed in the universe or a selected speed in the universe, I think that this hypothesis has no firm logic basis. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the speed of the light is just an ordinary speed in the universe, there exist a lot of matters in the universe, which can move much faster than speed of the light. The most important part of the General Relativity is Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation. Among the main factors which determine the curvature of the space-time metric, Albert Einstein considers only the matters distribution in space-time, this ideal come from the popular ideals of his time, i.e., matters produce gravitational force. Some western scientists may not agree with me, they think that, according to the Special Relativity of Albert Einstein, E=M¡¤C¡¤C, the energy and matters are equivalent. So, it is the distribution of matters and energy that determine the curvature of space-time metric. But if we examine the equation E=M¡¤C¡¤C from kinetic motion view, this equation represent a kind of kinetic energy, i.e., a body has a great energy if it moves at speed of light. I do not of think that this simple equation which can determine that the energy and matters are equivalent. Certainly, my explanation may not be accepted by most of the scientists. Some scientists think that Albert Einstein predicts that there exist great energy in nuclear reactions by using this equation, but this opinion is false, the atomic nuclear reactions are developed through a different line, there are no relations between Albert Einstein's Special Relativity, General Relativity and atomic nuclear reactions. Even now, I do not think that it is correct to explain the great energy released from the nuclear reactions by this equation. According to present explanation, the distribution of the matters and energy in space determine the curvature of the space-time metric, that mean that the energy will produce gravitational force, this is a very new ideal. Although there exist different opinions about the Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation, now let us examine the solar system by this equation: there are a lot of factors are not considered by Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation: i.e., axial rotation, direction of axial rotation, magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the Solar system; there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets. Some scientists may think that nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies can be considered through the energy terms in Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation, but I do not think that the energy and nuclear reactions are same things. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: only nuclear reactions can produce gravitational force, the energy can not produce the gravitational force. There exist living things in the solar system, Albert Einstein has not considered this factor in his equation. There are such many factors, which are important in the solar system, but Albert Einstein does not consider them in his Gravitational Field Equation, so it is not completeness to use the Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation to describe the solar system. If we use Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation to describe the whole universe: axial rotation of spiral galaxies, direction of axial rotation of spiral galaxies, origin of disc shape of galaxies, magnetic field of the galaxies, inner core nuclear reactions of the galaxies etc. are not considered in Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation. Besides, the living things, which may not be important in the solar system, are the most important factors in the universe, and these important factors are not considered in Albert Einstein's equation. So Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation can not describe the whole universe completely. In facts, Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation just is a kinetic motion Equation. So it can not explain the origin and evolution of the solar system and the whole universe. Meaning of Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation are: if you give out distribution of matters in space, and give out initial and boundary conditions of the universe, he can calculate the curvature of the space-time metric, or, gravitational field; If a free moving particle move into this gravitational field with a known initial conditions, he can calculate the orbit of this free-moving particle. Albert Einstein does not concern why matters of the universe distribute like these. So Albert Einstein does not consider the origin and evolution of the solar system and the whole universe, this opinion can be confirmed by that Albert Einstein thinks that the universe are static and no change and exist forever. Albert Einstein uses the concepts of fields to describe the solar system and the whole universe. There exist some difficulties. The solar system and the whole universe are kinds of structures, not fields, these structures are not randomly formed or distributed, these structures are for some goals and for finishing some tasks. So we can not use the concepts of the fields to describe the solar system and the whole universe. It is very difficult to solve the Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation. This equation almost has no solutions except for very special cases. Because some limits of our observational ability, we can not determine the distribution of the matters of the whole universe. It is impossible to determine the initial condition of the universe too. So it is very inconvenient to use this kind of equation to describe the solar system and the whole universe, and a theory, which describes the whole universe, should have solutions. 6.3. Conclusions Because present theories of gravitation can not describe the solar system and the whole universe completely, so we need new gravitational theories. 7. On the origin and the evolution of stars and galaxies 7.1. The present model of the origin and the evolution of stars. According to present models of the origin and the evolution of the stars: stars originate from primitive hydrogen clouds. These primitive hydrogen clouds consist of mainly hydrogen and very little part of helium. Due to the attractions of gravitational force, primitive clouds will concenter to a center area; the temperature and pressure of this center area will increase with increasing of matters of these centers. If there exist enough hydrogen, the central temperature will increase to the temperature which will start the hydrogen nuclear reactions, at this time, center of the hydrogen clouds begin nuclear reactions. The energy from these nuclear reactions will heat the hydrogen clouds and enable the temperature and pressure of hydrogen clouds increase, finally, the inner core pressure and gravitational force of the hydrogen cloud balance, then a new star is born. Balance of inner core pressure and gravitational force of stars determine the evolution of stars. When the inner core nuclear reactions of the stars are mainly hydrogen fusion, the stars are in main-squence periods, the stars are called main-squence stars, the stars spend most of their time in this period. When hydrogen of stars is fewer, and other elements nuclear reactions dominant in inner cores nuclear reactions of the stars, the stars evolve into Red Giants. When stars evolve farther a step, the Red Giants will loss matters, the less massive stars will evolve into the white dwarfs, and large massive stars will evolve into the neutron stars or Black Holes. Stars evolve into such dense stars as the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, the Black Holes, because, in final evolutionary stages of the stars, the scale of the inner core nuclear reactions of the stars become small and small, so the temperature and pressure of the inner core of the stars decrease, the inner core pressure of the stars can not balance the gravitational force of the stars, and these lead to the disasters of gravitational collapse, then the stars evolve into the dense stars such as the white dwarfs,the neutron stars,the Black Holes. Certainly, the neutron stars, the Black Holes are not accepted by every scientist at the present time. Stars have to satisfy the balance of the inner core pressure and gravitational force of the stars, so the stars can not be too small, the gravitational force of stars can not press the hydrogen clouds hot enough to ignite the hydrogen clouds nuclear reactions if the stars are too small; stars can not be too large also, if stars are too large, their inner core pressure will be so high that the gravitational force of the stars can not balance them, so the upper matters of the stars will be pushed into the space by these high inner core pressure of the stars. At present time, the limitations of the mass of the stars are from 0.08 times mass of the Sun to 90 times mass of the Sun. 7.2. Present model of origin and evolution of galaxies. At present, the original and evolutionary model of the galaxies is not very smart. The most important model is hot-big-bang-cosmological model of the universe. This model of the universe assumes that: the whole universe evolves into present state from a big explosion of a point, which the volume is limitlessly small and the temperature is limitlessly high. After explosion of this point, the temperature of the universe decrease and the volume of the universe increase with evolution of the universe. At beginning, the whole universe is homogeneous. Then because fluctuations of matter density of the universe, some matters of the universe begin to gather together and form the superclusters, clusters of galaxies, galaxies etc..Because some special reasons, some matters of the universe obtain the momentum and evolve into the spiral galaxies; other matters of the universe do not obtain the momentum and evolve into the elliptical galaxies. The inner hydrogen clouds of the galaxies evolve into the stars. The evolution of galaxies is closely related to evolution of stars in the galaxies. When these stars of galaxies are young, the galaxies are in their early stages of evolution; when stars of the galaxies evolve into the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, the Black holes, the galaxies evolve into their final stages of evolution, and galaxies begin to go to death. The galaxies evolve farther a step, the galaxies will evolve into collects of a lot of Black Holes or a super Black Hole. According to the present theory: The Black Holes will radiate energy to the outside, and protons will decay too, so the collects of Black Holes or super Black Holes of the final stage galaxies will evaporate and disappear completely in the end. 7.3 The limitations of present models of origin and evolution of the stars and galaxies. It is very difficult for present model of stars and galaxies to explain the origin and evolution of axial rotation and magnetic fields of the stars and galaxies. They often assume that the primitive hydrogen clouds have initial rotation, but where do these initial rotations come from? They always use dynamo models to describe the origin of the magnetic fields of the stars and galaxies; there exist high-temperature liquid in this dynamo model, which rotate about the axial rotational axes of the stars and galaxies. But my questions are: Who push these high temperature liquid rotate? Present theory of stars and galaxies thinks that matters produce the gravitational force. But according to the Unified Theory of the Universe: Only nuclear reactions can produce gravitational force, matters can not produce gravitational force. Present models of stars and galaxies do not consider that the magnetic force is also very important in origin and evolution of the stars and galaxies. Present models of galaxies do not consider that there exist huge nuclear reactions in inner core of galaxies. Present models of stars and galaxies do not consider that the stars and galaxies are not isolated heavenly bodies in the universe, the stars are connected with the other stars, and all stars are connected with the galaxies; the galaxies are connected with the other galaxies, and these galaxies form the clusters of galaxies etc.. Present models of stars and galaxies do not consider the importance of axial rotational direction of stars and the galaxies. Present original and evolutionary models of the stars and galaxies consider only gravitational force; it is impossible for us to explain the different kinds of phenomena of the universe by only considering this force. In facts, there exist a lot of hydrogen clouds in the universe; some hydrogen clouds are very larger. If we only consider the gravitational force, these hydrogen clouds will evolve into the galaxies and stars at once, but in facts, these hydrogen clouds are static and have existed for a long time and will exist for more a long time. Present cosmological models assume that the structures of the universe originate from fluctuations of matter density distribution of the universe. It seems that the universe originates randomly, we can not accept these kinds of hypothesis. In real world, all structures of the universe are for some goals, they originate from a pre-determined program, they exist for some special tasks of the universe, and it is obviously that they do not originate randomly. So, present models of the origin and evolution of stars and galaxies have important limitations. 7.4 The Unified Theory of the Universe and origin and evolution of the stars and galaxies. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: only nuclear reactions can produce gravitational force, so there will be no mass limitations for stars any more. In facts the stars, the planets, the moons of the planets, the inner core of the galaxies etc. are the same kinds of heavenly bodies, all these heavenly bodies originate from the primitive hydrogen clouds. There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies, see figure 7-1. These Tokamak nuclear reactions are different in sizes, but their working mechanisms are just the same. After starting to work, these nuclear reactions will work continuously until the nuclear reactional materials are exhausted. There exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of Tokamak nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas are torus shape and will rotate when these Tokamak nuclear reactions work (some scientists may say that the high-temperature plasmas of some present Tokamak nuclear reactors do not rotate, but my answers are: The high-temperature plasmas of these Tokamak nuclear reactions must rotate if we want them to work steadily and continuously). These rotations of high-temperature plasmas will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate, and will produce magnetic field like that of the earth, and these nuclear reactions will produce gravitational force also. In this way, I have already explained the origin of the axial rotation, magnetic field, and gravitational force of these heavenly bodies such as the Sun, the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the galaxies etc.. The evolution of the Sun, the stars, the planets, the moons of the planets, the inner core of the galaxies etc. are just the same, because all of them are Tokamak kind nuclear reactions. At the beginning, they will shine and are very bright like the Sun, the stars; when nuclear reactions are continuously going on, these nuclear reactions will produce nuclear reactional products continuously, these nuclear reactional products have to be ejected into the outside of the Tokamak nuclear reactions, these nuclear reactional products will gather around these Tokamak nuclear reactors because the gravitational force which produce by Tokamak nuclear reactions. At beginning, these nuclear reactional products will exist around the Tokamak nuclear reactions in high-temperature gas state; but when the nuclear reactional products become more and more, these nuclear reactional products will exist in high-temperature liquid state around the Tokamak nuclear reactions; with continuous evolution of these Tokamak nuclear reactions, the scale of these nuclear reactions will become small and small, and the nuclear reactional products become more and more, then the nuclear reactional products will exist around the nuclear reactions in a solid state. At this evolutionary stage, all these heavenly bodies will have hard shells in outside of their nuclear reactions; they do not shine any more like that of the earth and the Moon. In these stages, the ordinary telescopes can not detect these heavenly bodies, only infrared and Ultra-Infrared Telescopes can detect them because they are hot. These heavenly bodies evolve a farther step, the scale of inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies become small and small; the hard shells of these heavenly bodies become thicker and thicker; magnetic field of these heavenly bodies become weaker and weaker; the axial rotational speed of these heavenly bodies become slower and slower; The temperature of these heavenly bodies become lower and lower, even Infrared Telescopes can not detect them. At the end stage of evolution, the inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies will stop because all the nuclear reactional materials are exhausted, the axial rotation, the magnetic field, the gravitational force of these heavenly bodies will disappear at the same time, the waves which gather in the inner core of these heavenly bodies will spread outside and these will cause great explosions like that of great hydrogen bombs and these explosions end the evolution of these heavenly bodies. The evolution of the galaxies is the same. The great Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the galaxies will produce axial rotation, magnetic field, and the gravitational force of the galaxies. The peripheral hydrogen clouds of the galaxies will evolve into all kinds of massive stars; these stars are connected with the galaxies by wave tubes (These will be discussed late). The stars and inner core of the galaxies will evolve at the same time. At beginning, they all shine and are bright like the Sun, at this evolutionary stage, the whole galaxies are bright and can be detected by ordinary astronomic telescopes. With continuously nuclear reactions of the inner core of the galaxies and stars of the galaxies, the nuclear reactional products become more and more. Stars of galaxies and inner core of the galaxies will have hard outside shells around their Tokamak kind nuclear reactions at different time. Because size of Tokamak nuclear reactions of stars of galaxies and inner core of the galaxies are different, the small stars will evolve faster than massive stars, so the small stars will have hard shells first. At this evolutionary stage, the peripheral area of discs of the galaxies will become darken first; with farther evolution, the darken areas of the galaxies will spread toward the center of the galaxies from peripheral area of the galaxies. These galaxies evolve farther a step, only center part of the galaxies are bright, all the peripheral part of the discs of the galaxies are darkened, at this time, the whole galaxies look like stars. These galaxies evolve farther a step, even center nuclear reactions of galaxies have hard shells, whole galaxies are darkened at this time, and the galaxies are hot, so we can detect them by infrared telescopes. With farther evolution, the scale of inner core nuclear reactions of the galaxies become small and small, the hard shells of the inner core nuclear reactions of the galaxies become thicker and thicker, the axial rotation of the galaxies become slower and slower; the magnetic field of the galaxies become weaker and weaker; the gravitational force of the galaxies become small and small, the whole galaxies become cool, we can not detect them even by Infrared Telescope. The galaxies evolve farther a step, the final stage come, the peripheral stars of the galaxies begin to explode: explosions of stars of galaxies begin from the peripheral at first; then these explosive waves will spread toward the center of the galaxies. Then at an evolutionary stage, all stars of the galaxies explode, only big inner core nuclear reactions of the galaxies left. At this stage of evolution of galaxies, we can detect these explosions by ordinary astronomic telescopes. These galaxies evolve farther a step, the inner core nuclear reactions of the galaxies stop because the nuclear reactional materials are exhausted, the great waves which gather in inner core of the galaxies will spread outside, and these cause great great explosions like a huge hydrogen bomb and these explosions end the evolution of the galaxies. We can detect these kinds of explosions by ordinary astronomic telescopes. 7.5 On origin and evolution of axial rotation of the Moons of planets, the planets, stars, the inner core of the galaxies etc.. There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moons of the planets, planets, the stars, the galaxies, like figure 7-1. There exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of Tokamak nuclear reactions. These high-temperature plasmas will continuously rotate when the nuclear reactions continue to work. These high-temperature plasmas rotation will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate, certainly, the rotational speed of the Tokamak nuclear reactions and outside hard-shells of heavenly bodies are different and these rotation are the axial rotation of these heavenly bodies. So the axial rotation of the Moons of planets, planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. originate from their inner core nuclear reactions. Because scale of nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies will become small and small, and the hard shells of these heavenly bodies will become thicker and thicker. So the axial rotational speed of these heavenly bodies will become slower and slower with evolution. 7.6 On origin and evolution of magnetic field of the Moons of planets, the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moons of planets, the planets, the stars, the galaxies, like figure 7-1. There exist high-Temperature plasmas in inner of these kinds of Tokamak nuclear reactions, these high-Temperature plasmas are torus shape and will rotate continuously when nuclear reactions continue to work, these high-temperature plasmas rotations will produce magnetic field like that of the earth. So magnetic field of the Moons, the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies. Because the scale of nuclear reactions of all these heavenly bodies will become small and small with evolution of these heavenly bodies, so the magnetic fields of these heavenly bodies will become weaker and weaker with evolution of these heavenly bodies. 7.7 On no existence of the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, the Black Holes. Present theory of stars assumes that: when scale of nuclear reactions in inner core of stars become small and small, the inner core pressure of these stars become lower and lower, and these inner core pressure of stars can not balance the gravitational force of the stars, and so these will lead to the disasters of gravitational collapse, and stars then evolve into such dense stars as the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, and the Black Holes. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: Only nuclear reactions can produce gravitational force. When scale of nuclear reactions in inner core of the stars become small and small, the gravitational force of these stars become weaker and weaker too. There can not happen such things as the disasters of gravitational collapse. Matters, which gathered together, can not produce gravitational force. So there can not exist such dense stars as the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, and Black Holes in the universe. 7.8 On black spiral arms of the spiral galaxies. Physical Professor GreGory D.Bothun (University of Oregon, USA) published a paper ¡°The Ghostliest Galaxies¡± in Scientific American (February 1997). In this paper, Professor Bothun discusses the problems, which concern the black arms of the spiral galaxies. Figure 7-2 comes from this paper. From figure 7-2, we can find that: the left galaxy is an ordinary spiral galaxy; the middle galaxy's spiral arm begins to black; the right galaxy's spiral arm are dark completely, we may regard these kinds of galaxies as stars by mistake. There exist a lot of these kinds of galaxies in the universe. At present, some scientists think that these kinds of galaxies are in their early evolutionary stages. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The galaxies, which are in their early evolutionary stages, are very bright. These kinds of dark arm galaxies are in their final evolutionary stages. When galaxies evolve, the stars of peripheral disc of the galaxies will evolve into a stage which these stars will have hard shells in outside of their inner core nuclear reactions at first, so the stars of the peripheral disc of the galaxies will become dark first; then these dark areas will spread toward the center of the galaxies from the peripheral of the galaxies; finally, even center parts of the galaxies become dark, at this evolutionary stage, the whole galaxies are dark, we can not detect these kind of galaxies by ordinary telescopes, only Infrared Telescopes can detect them. When these galaxies evolve farther a step, the whole galaxies become cool, we can not detect them even by Infrared Telescopes. The final evolutionary stages of these galaxies are: The stars of peripheral discs of the galaxies begin to explode, these explosive waves will spread toward the center part of the galaxies from peripheral part of galaxies. The center Tokamak nuclear reactions of the galaxies will have great great explosion when nuclear reactional materials are exhausted and these end the evolution of the galaxies. 7.9 On the Dark Matters of the universe. According to present observations and calculation, there exist a lot of heavenly bodies in the universe, which can not be detected by ordinary astronomical telescopes. These matters are being called Dark Matters of the universe. At present, there do not exist any smart explanations for existence of these Dark matters of the universe. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The stars, galaxies etc.will have hard shells in their late evolutionary stages. At these stages, they can not be detected by ordinary astronomic Telescopes, only Infrared Telescopes or Ultra Infrared Telescopes can detect them. At last evolutionary stages, even Infrared telescopes or Ultra Infrared Telescopes can not detect them because they become cool. These heavenly bodies are Dark Matters of the universe. These dark heavenly bodies can be detected when they begin to explode at the end of their evolution. 8.On the origin and evolution of the solar system. 8.1 The present original and evolutionary models of the solar system. The Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation and Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity discuss the motions of the matters in the universe; they are not the sciences which describe the origin and evolution of the solar system. The first scientist who describes the origin and evolution of the solar system is French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes (1596-1650), he proposed a vortex model. According to his vortex model: The primitive solar system are filled with different kinds of vortices, the matters of the universe which always move from one place to another place will fall into these vortices, the biggest vortices become the Sun, and other vortices form the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system. In 1755, German philosopher Immanual Kant (1724-1804) proposed a primitive cloud model, according to this model: the solar system originates from a great cloud which consist of mini-particles, this great cloud will form the Sun, the planets, the moons of planets of the solar system by the interactions between attractions force and repulsive force of this great cloud. In 1796,French mathematician P.S.Laplace (1749-1827) published his book¡¶System of the Universe¡·. In this book, he proposed a detailed primitive cloud model to describe the origin and evolution of the solar system. According to his model: The solar system originates from a high temperature, spherical shape cloud which have initial rotational momentum, with decreasing of the temperature of this gas cloud, the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system will form from this gas cloud through interactions of gravitational force and centrifugal force of this gas cloud. At present, there exist a lot of different models, which describe the origin and evolution of the solar system. But most important models are these, which assume that the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system all originate from the same primitive hydrogen cloud. In these models: the solar system originates from a great hydrogen cloud, because the gravitational force of this hydrogen cloud, the hydrogen cloud will gather to a center. With increasing hydrogen gas of this center, the temperature and pressure of this center will increase. If there exist enough hydrogen gas, the temperature of this center will increase to the temperature which the hydrogen will start to happen nuclear reactions, the nuclear reactions of this center will release a lot of energy and these energy will heat the matters in inner core of this center, so the temperature and pressure of this center will increase even higher. Finally, the inner core pressure of this center and the gravitational force of this hydrogen cloud balance. Then the hydrogen cloud become stable, then the Sun was born. The left materials, particles and gas form the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system. The Sun will be in main-squence period in most of its life; the Sun evolves a farther step, it will evolves into a Red Giant; next step, the Sun will loss matters and evolve into a white dwarf. 8.2 The limitations of the present original and evolutionary models of the solar system. There exist some difficulties for present original and evolutionary models to describe the origin and evolution of the solar system: it is very difficult for present models to explain the origin and evolution of the axial rotation, the magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system. They always assume that primitive hydrogen cloud has initial rotation, but where do these initial rotations come from? Present dynamo theory, which describe the origin of the magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system, assumes that there exist high-temperature liquid in inner core of these heavenly bodies, which rotate about axial rotational axes of these heavenly bodies. But my questions are: who push these high-temperature liquids rotate? Present model of the solar system do not consider that there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system; The axial rotational speed and direction of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets are different, and are very special, but present models of the solar system can not give a reasonable explanation to these kinds of phenomena. The heavenly bodies of the solar system are not isolated heavenly bodies, they connected with other heavenly bodies, but present theories do not consider this. Present theory thinks that the earth is made up of the ice and rocks and some gas, I think that this kind of the earth can not enable the living things of the earth happen, Present theory thinks that it is the matters that produce the gravitational force, so these models do not consider that the gravitational force can change with the evolution of these heavenly bodies. 8.3 The Unified Theory of the Universe and the origin and evolution of the solar system. According to the Unified theory of the Universe: The solar system originates from huge hydrogen clouds. Unlike present theory, the Unified Theory of the Universe thinks that the origin and evolution of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system are just the same, although the volume of these heavenly bodies are different. There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of all these heavenly bodies. In the beginning, all these heavenly bodies shine and are very bright like the Sun; with continuously evolution, the nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies will produce reactional products continuously, and these reactional products will be ejected from the nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies, because gravitational force produced by inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies, these nuclear reactional products will gather around the nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies first in a high temperature plasma state. With continuously evolution, the reactional products become more and more, the nuclear reactional scales of these heavenly bodies become small and small, then the reactional products are so much that they will exist around the nuclear reactions in a high-temperature liquid state. With farther evolution, the reactional products become even more, the nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies become even smaller, then reactional products will exist around the nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies in solid state, i.e., the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets will all have hard shells like the present the earth, the Moon, at this time, these heavenly bodies do not shine and are not bright any more. These heavenly bodies evolve farther a step, the nuclear reactional scale in inner core of these heavenly bodies become small and small; the hard shells of these heavenly bodies become thicker and thicker; the axial rotational speed of these heavenly bodies become slower and slower; the magnetic field and gravitational force of these heavenly bodies become weaker and weaker. Then final stages of evolution come, when nuclear reactional materials in inner core of these heavenly bodies are exhausted, the nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies will stop, then the gravitational force, the magnetic field, the axial rotation of these heavenly bodies will disappear at the same time, the waves which gathered in inner core of these heavenly bodies will spread outside and these will lead to great explosions just like great hydrogen bombs, and these explosions will end the evolution of these heavenly bodies. There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system, like figure 7-1. There exist high temperature plasmas in these kinds of nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas are torus shape and will rotate when nuclear reactions continue to work (some scientists may say that the high-temperature plasmas of some Tokamak nuclear reactors do not rotate, but my answers are: The high-temperature plasmas of Tokamak nuclear reactors must rotate if we want these Tokamak nuclear reactors work steadily and continuously). These high-temperature plasmas rotation will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate, and will produce the magnetic field like that of the earth, these nuclear reactions will produce gravitational force also. In this way, I have simply explained the origin of the axial rotation, magnetic field, gravitational force of the Sun, and the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system. 8.4 On the origin and evolution of axial rotation of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system. Except for Mini-planets, comets, there exist Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system like figure 7-1. There exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of Tokamak nuclear reactions; these high temperature plasmas will rotate when nuclear reactions work. These rotation of the high-temperature plasmas will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate. Certainly, rotational speed of inner core nuclear reactions and hard shells of these heavenly bodies are different. So the axial rotation of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in solar system originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies. With the evolution, the nuclear reactional scale of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system will become small and small; The hard shells of these heavenly bodies will become thicker and thicker. So the axial rotation of these heavenly bodies in the solar system will become slower and slower. 8.5 On the origin and evolution of the revolution of the planets around the Sun, the revolution of the Moons of the planets around the planets. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the Moons of the planets are connected with the planets by wave tubes; the planets are connected with the Sun by wave tubes. Due to the rotation of these wave tubes, the Moons and the planets have revolutions. So the revolution of the planets is caused by inner core nuclear reactions of the Sun; the revolution of the Moons of the planets is caused by inner core nuclear reactions of the planets. With evolution, the inner core nuclear reactional scale of the Sun, the planets will become small and small, so the revolution of the Moons of the planets, the planets will become slower and slower. 8.6 On the origin and evolution of the magnetic fields of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system. Except for Mini-planets and comets, there exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets. There exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of tokamak nuclear reactions; these high temperature plasmas are torus shape and will rotate when nuclear reactions continue to work. These rotations of high-temperature plasmas will produce magnetic field like that of the earth. So the magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies in the solar system. With evolution, the nuclear reactional scale of the inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets will become small and small. So the magnetic field of these heavenly bodies will become weaker and weaker. 8.7 On impossibility of the geomagnetic field reversals. According to the geological records: there happen many hundred times of the geomagnetic field reversals. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the magnetic field of the earth is produced by inner core nuclear reactions of the earth. If there happen the geomagnetic field reversals, the rotational direction of the earth must be changed. The earth is connected with the Sun by wave tubes, the solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave tubes; the Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes etc.. If the rotational direction of the earth change, the rotational direction of the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy etc. must be changed too, these kinds of things can not happen in the universe. So the geomagnetic field can not be reversal. It can only be rocks which record these geomagnetic field reversals are reversal many hundred times in history of the earth. 8.8 On the Mini-planets rings between the Mars and the Jupiter of the solar system. According to the law of Titius-Bode: There should exist a planet in 2.8 AU of the solar system. But astronomical observations show that there does not have a planet, but exist Mini-planets rings. Some scientists discuss the origin of these Mini-planets rings, they think that these Mini-planets rings are remnants of an exploded planet. According to astronomic observations: the Mini-planets rings are not made up of the hydrogen clouds. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: When nuclear reactional materials of heavenly bodies such as the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets etc. are exhausted, the nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies will stop, the gravitational force, the magnetic field, the axial rotation of these heavenly bodies will disappear at the same time, the waves which gathered in inner core of these heavenly bodies will spread outside and these will lead to great explosions like great hydrogen bombs. And these explosions will end the evolution of these heavenly bodies. The hard shells of these heavenly bodies will break into pieces and left. It is obvious that the Mini-planets rings at 2.8AU of the solar system are remnants of an exploded planet. 8.9 On the Saturn's rings Christian Huygens first observed the Saturn's rings in March 1656. According to the astronomical observations: the Saturn's rings are not made up of hydrogen clouds. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the Saturn's rings can only be remnants of an exploded Moon of the Saturn. 8.10 On the Jupiter and the Saturn radiate more energy than that they absorb from the Sun's radiation. It is well known that the Jupiter and the Saturn radiate more energy than that they absorb from the radiation of the Sun, and spacecraft Galileo of USA confirms these results. There exist some explanations for these phenomena: some scientists think that gravitational waves of the Jupiter and the Saturn cause these radiation. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets etc., all these heavenly bodies radiate energy to the outside, some heavenly bodies radiate a lot, some radiate a little. So radiated energy of the Jupiter and the Saturn come from their inner core nuclear reactions. 8.11 On the temperature of North Pole and South Pole of the earth are lower than that of equators of the earth. There exist Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, like figure 7-1, these nuclear reactions produce waves continuously, and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the earth, the direction of these wave tubes are the same as the axial rotational axis of the earth. Due to the effects of these north pole-south pole directional wave tubes of the earth, the temperature of the North Pole and South Pole of the earth are lower than that of equators of the earth. These kinds of effects are very ordinary in Fluid Mechanics: for example, the core temperature of a high swirl fluid is lower than that of outside of this swirl fluid. These phenomena should be ordinary in the heavenly bodies such as the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets etc.. From the photos of the Sun taken by SOHO spacecraft and by Yohkoh spacecraft. It is obviously that the temperature of North Pole and South Pole of the Sun are lower than that of equators of the Sun. 8.12 On materials ejection of the Sun, the volcanoes of the planets and the Moons of the planets of the solar system. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The materials ejection of the Sun, the volcanoes of the planets and the Moons of the planets of the solar system are same kinds of phenomena, they are caused by ejecting nuclear reactional products from the inner core nuclear reactions of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system. 8.13 On there exist lower temperature holes in North Pole and South Pole of the Sun. According to the soft x-ray photos taken by Japanese spaceship Yohkoh, the Sun's polar regions are dominated by large holes that extend down to a latitude of 60¡ã in north pole and south pole. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun like the figure 7-1, these Tokamak nuclear reactions are torus shape. So there exist lower temperature areas in North Pole and South Pole of the Sun, and these lower temperature areas cross through the center of the Sun. The large lower temperature holes of the Sun are these lower temperature areas. 8.14 On extrasolar planets. In 1995, the astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz at the Geneva observatory have found that there exists planet around the star except for the Sun in the universe. Then some other scientists also find some extrasolar planets. American scientist Alan P.Boss published a paper¡°Extrasolar Planets¡±in Physics Today(September 1996). He reviews the progresses in finding the extrasolar planets. Figure 8-1 comes from his paper. Figure 8-1 is the photo of star Gliese 229A and its companion star Gliese 229B; this photo is taken by Hubble Space Telescopes. Gliese 229B is 44AU from the Gliese 229A; the Mass of the Gliese 229B is 22-55 times that of the Jupiter, the Gliese 229B is the bright dot in figure 8-1. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: Gliese 229B is the planet of the star Gliese 229A. Gliese 229B is very bright, so the Gliese 229B is in its early evolutionary stage, so Gliese 229B shines like the Sun. It will have a hard shell late just like the present earth and present Moon of the solar system in its late evolutionary stages. At this stage, we can not detect it by ordinary telescopes. All the stars in the universe are like the Sun, they all have planets, but most of them can not be detected by ordinary telescopes because these planets are covered by hard shells just like present earth and the Moon of the solar system and are very cold. 8.15 On the Theory of Floating Continents and Plate Tectonics and Evolution of the earth. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: At the beginning, the earth is a high-temperature plasma sphere, which shines and is bright like the Sun. With continuously evolution, the nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth continuously produce nuclear reactional products, and these reactional products will be ejected from the innercore nuclear reactions of the earth, because gravitational force produced by inner core nuclear reactions of the earth, these reactional products will gather around the nuclear reactions of the earth first in a high-temperature plasma state. With farther evolution, the reactional products of the earth become more and more, the inner core nuclear reactional scale of the earth become small and small, because the temperature of the north pole and south pole of the earth are lower than that of equators of the earth, so reactional products of the earth will exist around the north pole and south pole of the earth in a high temperature liquid state first, at this time, there exist only high-temperature plasma state reactional products in equators of the earth. These high-temperature liquid state reactional products in North Pole and South Pole of the earth move and mix very intensively. The ejection of the reactional products of the earth concenter in the low latitude of the earth, these ejection of reactional products will move to the north pole and south pole of the earth continuously. Then, there exist so much reactional products in north pole and south pole of the earth that the upper parts of these high-temperature liquid in north pole and south pole of the earth cool down and become the solid state, i.e., first continents in the earth appear in the north pole and south pole of the earth. At this time, the equators of the earth exist only high-temperature liquid state reactional products, and the earth shine not like a sphere because the north pole and south pole of the earth does not shine and are not bright any more, certainly, the outside part of the earth are covered by thicker atmosphere. These mini-continents in North Pole and South Pole of the earth float above the high-temperature liquid state reactional products of the earth and are not very stable. These mini-continents in north pole and south pole of the earth will move around, some will be melt down again, some will merger with other continents, some are broken into even small continents, more new continents will appear because the reactional products of the earth become more and more. These mini-continents of the North Pole and South Pole of the earth are shocked, disturbed, by ejection of the reactional products of the earth. At this time, the earth is in real floating continent periods. With continuously evolution, nuclear reactional products of the earth become more and more, the continents of the earth become large and large, and these continents spread toward the equators of the earth from the north pole and south pole of the earth, the liquid water appear for the first time in the north pole and south pole of the earth. When high-temperature liquid reactional products in equators of the earth become small and small, the continents of the earth become thicker and thicker from equators of the earth to north pole and south pole of the earth, at this time, the mini-continents of the earth will gather together and form large continents or plates, which float above the high temperature liquid state reactional products of the earth. The time of Plate Tectonics of the earth come. At this time, ejection of reactional products of the nuclear reactions of the earth becomes the volcanoes. These volcanoes are very explosive, because the continents of the earth are not thicker enough to resist these volcanoes. Under influence of these volcanoes, the clusters or plates of the earth collide and compress with each other intensively, some plates will fall down into the high-temperature liquid state of the reactional products and be melt down; some plates will be lift up and form the mountains; some plates will rotate; some will up side down; some plates may merger with each other and form large continents; some plates will break into the Mini-plates; in this periods, geological actions are often and very active, with mountain-form movement, the ice will appear for the first time in north pole and south pole of the earth. When all surface of the earth are covered by the continents, the earth will not shine and be bright any more, movement of the plates of the earth slow down, mountain-building actions slow down also, the continents of the earth near to the north pole and south pole of the earth become thicker and thicker. At this time, the volcanoes are active volcanoes near to equators of the earth; The volcanoes will die at high latitude of the earth, because the ejection of the reactional production of the nuclear reactions of the earth can not melt down and penetrate the hard shells of the earth any more, the volcanoes of these kinds can only push the plates of the earth move and produce the earthquakes in high-latitude of the earth. With continuously evolution, the inner core nuclear reactional scale of the earth become small and small; the hard shells of the earth become thicker and thicker; axial rotation of the earth become slower and slower; magnetic field of the earth become weaker and weaker; the gravitational force of the earth becomes small and small; the atmosphere of the earth become thinner and thinner. The ejection of reactional products can not melt and penetrate any part of the hard shell of the earth, and all the volcanoes die and become the earthquakes, in near the North Pole and South Pole, the earthquakes become the depth earthquakes. At this time, the surface of the earth becomes quiet, plates movement stop. The earth evolves a farther step, the inner core nuclear reactions of the earth become smaller and smaller; the hard shells of the earth become thicker and thicker; all the earthquakes become the depth earthquakes; axial rotation of the earth become slower and slower; the magnetic field of the earth become weaker and weaker; the gravitational force of the earth become small and small; atmosphere of the earth are very thin; the ocean of the earth evaporate completely; most part of the earth become deserts, the snows and ices go back to north pole and south pole of the earth. The earth evolves a farther step, the whole surface of the earth become the deserts; there are only small parts of ice left in north pole and south pole of the earth, because the temperature of north pole and south pole of the earth are very lower; Atmosphere of the earth disappear completely, the earth will look like the Moon; earthquakes can happen only in deep of the earth; the earth are old and quiet now, and final time come. Finally, the nuclear reactional materials of the earth are exhausted, the nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth stop. The axial rotation, magnetic field, gravitational force of the earth disappears at the same time. The waves, which gathered in inner core of the earth will spread outside and this lead to a great explosion, like a giant hydrogen bomb, and this explosion ends the evolution of the earth. 8.16 On evolution of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system are just the same, the evolution of these heavenly bodies are the same as that of the earth. 8.17 On there exist ice in North Pole and South Pole of the Moon of the earth, the Mercury. According to recent data from the spacecraft Lunar Prospector: there exist ice in north pole and south pole of the Moon, and previously we find that there exist ice in north pole and south pole of the Mercury, some scientists think that these ice come from the universe. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: these ice come from the Moon, the Mercury, not from the universe. These ice are products of their evolution, these ice can remain there because the temperature of North Pole and South Pole of the Moon and the Mercury are very lower. 8.18 On seismic waves travel faster along direction of the north pole and south pole of the earth than along equators of the earth. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: These exist Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, these nuclear reactions are torus shape like figure 7-1. So the north pole and South pole of the earth can be connected with each other by hard shells of the earth through centers of the earth, so seismic waves travel faster along direction of the North pole and south pole of the earth than along the equators of the earth. At present, the difference of travelling time are 3%¡«4%, we need more experimental results to confirm. 8.19 On the Moons of the Jupiter Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. 8.19.1 According to the data from spacecraft Galileo in December 1995: the Moon of the Jupiter Io has intensive volcanoes and intrinsic magnetic field, gravitational force is stronger than that of expected. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Io of the Jupiter as figure 7-1. So the volcanoes and intrinsic magnetic field of Io originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of the Io. The gravitational force of Io are stronger than that of expected because the Io is in its early evolutionary stages, the inner core nuclear reactions of the Io are relative large, not because there exist a great Fe core in the Io of the Jupiter. 8.19.2 According to the data from spacecraft Galileo in December 1995: There exist ice or ocean and intrinsic magnetic field in the moon of the Jupiter: Europa. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Europa, so the intrinsic magnetic field of the Europa originates from its inner core nuclear reactions. The ice and ocean of the Europa originate from the Europa, not come from the universe. 8.19.3 The spacecraft Galileo finds that there exist intrinsic magnetic field, oxygen, and ice in the Moon of the Jupiter: Ganymede. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of the Ganymede, so the intrinsic magnetic field of Ganymede originates from the inner core nuclear reactions of the Ganymede. The oxygen and ice of the Ganymede originate from the Ganymede, not come from the universe. 8.19.4 the spacecraft Galileo finds that there exists ice, ocean in the Moon of the Jupiter: Callisto, but the gravitational force of the Callisto is very small, and there does not exist magnetic field in the Callisto. Because the gravitational force of the Callisto is very small, so some scientists think that the Callisto is made up of ice and rocks. But according to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Callisto, the gravitational force of the Callisto is small because the Callisto is in its final evolutionary stage, the scale of its nuclear reactions are relative small. I think that there exist intrinsic magnetic field in the Callisto, we can not detect them because the intensity of this magnetic field is very weaker. It is very obvious that the ice and ocean of the Callisto originate from the Callisto and not come from the universe. 8.20 On the inner core of the earth rotate faster than the hard shells of the earth. The American scientists of Columbia University Xiao-Dong Song and Paul Richards published a paper in ¡°Nature¡±(July 18,1996). After Analysising a lot of earthquakes materials, they find that the inner core of the earth rotate faster than the hard shells of the earth. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, there exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas will rotate when nuclear reactions continue to work; and the rotation of these high-temperature plasmas enable the whole earth which include the hard shells of the earth rotate. These rotations are the axial rotation of the earth. Certainly the rotational speed of these high-temperature plasmas are faster than that of the hard shells of the earth. Because there exist a high-temperature liquid layer between inner core nuclear reactions and hard shells of the earth, so, I think that Xiao-Dong Song and Paul Richards only find that this high temperature liquid layer of the earth rotate faster than hard shells of the earth, it is obvious that there need more experimental results to confirm. I think that the inner core nuclear reactions of the earth rotate much faster than that of expected. 8.21 On there exist a lot of hydrogen in inner core of the earth. The seismic experiments confirm that there exist a lot of light elements between innercore and hard shells of the earth except high-temperature liquid Fe. In 1997, David Stevenson of Caltech proposed that hydrogen could be substantial components of the core. Scientist Takuo Okuchi of the Tokyo Institute of Technology published a paper in science (vol. 278 Dec.5, 1997), in this paper, Takuo Okuchi thinks that hydrogen could be the most common light element present in the core of the earth, with the core of the earth containing 95% of the earth hydrogen. The velocity of sound waves traveling through the core of the earth reveals that area between the inner and outer core of the earth is less dense than pure Iron. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth like figure 7-1, there exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas are torus shape and consist of the hydrogen. It is right that there exists a lot of hydrogen in inner core of the earth, these hydrogen are not with the Fe, but exist in high-temperature Plasma State alone. 8.22 On earthquakes According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: when hard shells of the earth are too thicker to be melt and penetrated by ejection of reactional products of the earth, these ejection of reactional products will push and compress the plates of the earth and enable the plates of the earth collide with each other. The movement and collision of these plates of the earth cause the earthquakes. It can be expected that some earthquakes are small, some are very intensive. In final evolutionary stages of the earth, earthquakes can only be happened in deep of the earth. 8.23 On innermost core of the earth are solid state matters. The seismic waves reveal that the innermost cores of the earth are solid state matters. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, these Tokamak nuclear reactions are torus shape, like figure 7-1. So the innermost cores of the earth are solid state matters. But these inner core solid matters are not spherical shape, these solid matters are connected with the continents of the north pole and south pole of the earth, in other words, the continents of north pole and south pole of the earth penetrate through the center of the earth and are connected with each other. 9.On there exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and South Pole of the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the galaxies etc. 9.1 On there exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and South Pole of the Sun. There exist huge nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, these nuclear reactions produce a lot of energy or waves, the radiation and light of the Sun which we see are only mini-parts of these energy or waves, then where are these great energy or wave? At present, scientists think that the nuclear reactions of the Sun produce a lot of energy, and these energy heat the materials in inner core of the Sun, and so the temperature and pressure in inner core of the Sun are very high, this high pressure in inner core of the Sun balance the gravitational force of the Sun, so the Sun is stable,i.e.the Sun's energy are used to defense the gravitational force of the Sun. But this explanation is false. If we consider an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb, I think that no one will think that the energy of an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb is just enough to defense the gravitational force of an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb. In facts, the mass of an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb are so small that we can omit their gravitational force. It is obvious that the energy of an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb is much much greater than that of their gravitational force. When we consider the huge nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the energy which Sun's nuclear reactions produce are far much greater than that of the Sun's gravitational force, but surprise, the Sun does not explode, why? Let us examine an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb, when an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb ignite, they do not explode at once. Contrary, they form a high temperature bright sphere and then jump up into the sky, and form stable mushroom clouds. In facts, an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb explodes only after their nuclear reactional materials are exhausted. If we can add more nuclear reactional materials to them, these atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs will continuously stay in the sky and very stable, and not explode. If we examine the atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima of Japan in second world war, we will find that it is the shock waves not the radiation of the atomic bomb that destroy the Hiroshima of Japan.These shock waves do not spread outside before the explosions of the atomic bomb, then where are these shock waves? The figure 9-1 is photo of a Tornado, we all know that there exist a huge tube in the Tornado. One end of this tube is connected with a huge black cloud; one end of this tube sometime touches the ground, sometime draw back from the ground and go into the black clouds. These huge black clouds are the most important objects for the Tornadoes, because it is these black clouds that produce the tubes of the Tornadoes. Form the photos of the tornadoes taken by satellites, we can see clearly that the shape of these black clouds are just like the shape of a spiral galaxy in the universe, this is very important. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The tubes of the Tornadoes are model wave tubes; the black clouds of the Tornadoes are wave sources, these wave sources produce a lot of waves and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the Tornadoes.When wave sources of the Tornadoes are exhausted, the wave tubes of the Tornadoes will draw back from the ground and back into the clouds and then disappear. In facts, the place outside of the wave tubes of the Tornadoes is not influenced by the Tornadoes. Atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs form mushroom clouds before their explosions, in the mushroom clouds, there exist vertical stems, in facts, there exist wave tubes in inner of these vertical stems. Atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs are great wave sources, and these wave sources can produce waves continuously, and these waves are changed into the wave tubes in inner of these vertical stems of mushroom clouds. These systems of wave tubes and wave sources are stable before the nuclear reactional materials of the atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs are exhausted. When nuclear reactional materials of the atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs are exhausted, wave tubes will disappear and waves, which gathered in these systems of wave tubes and wave sources will spread outside and the